Dhammayuttika Nikāya (Pali; Thai: ??????????????; RTGS: Thammayuttika Nikai; Khmer: ????????????????, Thommoyutteka Nikay), or Dhammayut Order[1] (Thai: ??????????), is an order of Theravada Buddhist bhikkhus (monks) in Thailand, Cambodia, and Burma, with significant branches in the Western world. Its name is derived from Pali dhamma ("teachings of the Buddha") + yutti (in accordance with) + ka (group).
 | |
| Abbreviation | Dhammayut |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1833 |
| Founder | Vajira?ā?o Bhikkhu (later King Mongkut) |
| Type | Buddhist monastic order |
| Headquarters | Wat Bowonniwet Vihara, Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok, Thailand |
Superior general | Somdet Phra Ariyavongsagatanana IX (Incumbent since 2017) |
The order began in Thailand as a reform movement led by a prince who would later become King Mongkut of Siam, before also spreading to Cambodia and Burma. Initially, King Mongkut was frustrated because he could not find monks who understood the original teachings of the Buddha and truly adhered to the rules of the monks. This happened because of the syncretism of Buddhism with Thai folk religion. Consequently, King Mongkut emphasized the use of the Pali Canon as the primary authority for monastic practices, and sought to eliminate all of the syncretic elements. The movement became formally recognized as its own monastic order by the Thai government in 1902, with any Thai Theravada bhikkhus not within the order being referred to as part of the Maha Nikaya order.
The Dhammayuttika Nikaya plays a significant political role in Thailand. The order has historically been favored by the Thai government and monarchy, with the order holding the majority of all royal monastic titles in Thailand and most of the Supreme Patriarchs (the head of the Thai monastic community) since its founding having come from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, despite the order making up less than ten percent of all bhikkhus in Thailand.
History
editDhammayuttika Nikaya (Thai: Thammayut) began in 1833 as a reform movement led by Mongkut (later King Rama IV), son of King Rama II of Siam. It remained a reform movement until passage of the Sangha Act of 1902, which formally recognized it as the lesser of Thailand's two Theravada denominations, the other being Maha Nikaya.[2]
Prince Mongkut was a bhikkhu (religious name: Vajira?ā?o) for 27 years (1824–1851) before becoming King of Thailand (1851–1868). The then 20 year-old prince entered monastic life in 1824. Over the course of his early meditation training, Mongkut was frustrated that his teachers could not relate the meditation techniques they were teaching to the original teachings of the Buddha. Also, he described what he saw as serious discrepancies between the vinaya (monastic rules) and the actual practices of Thai bhikkhus. Mongkut, concerned that the ordination lines in Thailand were broken by a lack of adherence to this monastic code, sought out a different lineage of bhikkhus with practice that is more in line with the vinaya.
There are several rules in the Theravada monastic code by which a bhikkhu is "defeated" - he is no longer a bhikkhu even if he continues to wear robes and is treated as one. Every ordination ceremony in Theravada Buddhism is performed by ten bhikkhus to guard against the possibility of the ordination being rendered invalid by having a "defeated bhikkhu" as preceptor. Despite this, Mongkut was concerned that the area's lineages of regional traditions were broken. He made every effort to commission a phalanx of bhikkhus in Thailand with the highest probability of an unbroken lineage traceable back to the Buddha.[3]
Mongkut eventually found a lineage among the Mon people in Thailand who had a stronger practice. He reordained in this group and began a reform movement that would become the Thammayut order. In founding the Thammayut order, Mongkut made an effort to remove all non-Buddhist, folk religious, and superstitious elements which over the years had become part of Thai Buddhism. He emphasized the use of the Pali Canon as the primary authority as the basis for monastic practices. Additionally, Thammayut bhikkhus are expected to eat only one meal a day (not two) and the meal was to be gathered during a traditional alms round.[4]
In 1836, Mongkut became the first abbot of the new Wat Bowonniwet Vihara, and it would become the administrative center of the Thammayut order to the present day.[3]
Soon after, Mongkut had other bhikkhus who were close to him reordain in this lineage of Mon bhikkhus. Among these were Mongkut's son Vajira?ā?avarorasa and Somdet Phra Wannarat "Thap", a grade nine Pali scholar.[5]
According to anthropologist Jim Taylor, Vajira?ā?avarorasa's autobiography tells how "Thap had differences with the somewhat more "worldly" bhikkhus at Wat Bowornniwet, which led to dissension and the movement's eventual division into four primary competing factions (monastic lines or "stems")." In the mid-19th century these branches became so estranged that each one developed its own style of chanting, interpretation, and translation of Pali texts, and differed on issues related to the monastic code.[6]
It was not until Vajira?ā?avarorasa took control of a new phase of sangha reforms in 1892 that the administrative Thammayut hierarchy would begin to form a cohesive vision. Officially Pusso Saa was the sangharaja; however, he was only a figurehead.[7][6] Thanissaro, a Thai-ordained forest bhikkhu, notes though that in the early-20th century, Ajahn Mun's kamma??hāna lineage formed a distinct camp within the Thammayut order which was at odds with Vajira?ā?avarorasa's reforms.[8]
Political role in Thailand
editWhile the Dhammayuttika Nikaya originally started as a Buddhist reform movement in Thailand, later leading to the development of the Thai forest tradition, the order has played a significant political role in Thailand as well.
Since its origins, the Dhammayuttika Nikaya has historically been the preferred choice of the Thai government and the monarchy.[9][10] Having been started by a Thai prince, the order has always had close ties to the monarchy and has historically played a key role in ensuring public support for the palace. Journalist Paul Handley writes that:
Although the doctrinal differences between the schools had become less significant, putting Thammayut [sic] on top ensured that the sangha remained closely allied with the palace.[11]
This favoritism by Thai elites for the Dhammayuttika order is most apparent in the proportion of monastic titles given to senior bhikkhus. While taking up only about six percent of the bhikkhus in Thailand, over half of Thailand's monastic titles and privileges have gone to Dhammayuttika bhikkhus,[12] and nine of the past thirteen Supreme Patriarchs of Thailand have belonged to the Dhammayuttika order.
The preference by the Thai government and palace for Dhammayuttika has even led to the persecution of some high ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhus who were seen as a threat to the Dhammayuttika hierarchy or the Thai government. The most famous case was the case of Phra Phimontham, a high ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhu known for his pro-democracy views and opposition to Dhammayuttika elitism, who was likely to become the next Supreme Patriarch of Thailand at the time.[9] In 1962, Phra Phimontham was imprisoned and defrocked by Thailand's then military junta and widely defamed in the Thai media over several criminal charges. The scandal allowed the military junta to pass a Sangha reform act that further centralized the Thai Sangha's administration under Dhammayuttika control. Following a change in government, the various criminal charges against Phra Phimontham were later determined to have been false all along. In reality, the military junta persecuted Phra Phimontham for his political views and disseminated the false charges in the media in order to arrest him and limit his influence, and to consolidate its power over the Sangha.[9][11]
More recently, news analysts have described the actions of the 2014 military junta against Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Wat Paknam Bhasichareon as also being about the politics of these two Nikayas.[13] From 2013-2017 the bhikkhu who was next in line for Supreme Patriarch was the Maha Nikaya bhikkhu Somdet Chuang Varapu??o of Wat Paknam Bhasicheroen.[14][15][note 1] However, lawsuits involving Somdet Chuang and the affiliated Wat Phra Dhammakaya caused his appointment to be postponed and eventually withdrawn, with another candidate from the Dhammayuttika fraternity appointed instead. The lawsuits against Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Somdet Chuang were, in fact, eventually used as reasons by the junta to withdraw his nomination.[17][18] Wat Paknam was later cleared of all charges two days after Somdet Chuang's nomination was officially withdrawn.[19][20][21]
On 7 February 2017, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha confirmed the appointment of Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong as the 20th Supreme Patriarch of Thailand in a televised address. He was the abbott of Wat Ratchabophit and a leading member of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order.[22] The prime minister stated: "I submitted the names of five qualified monks for His Majesty to consider. On Monday night, I was informed His Majesty chose Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong."[23]
During the 2017–18 Thai temple fraud investigations, Anthropologist Jim Taylor described the arrests made during the investigations as the "ruling palace regime" trying to consolidate traditional, central royalist power by eliminating several high-ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhus and members of the Sangha Supreme Council. Taylor argues that this was done in order to ensure that the next supreme patriarch is also from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, pointing to the junta's previous interference with the position in 2017 and that the suspects were all high-ranking non-royalist bhikkhus.[24] In fact, in July 2018, the junta passed a law giving the Thai King the ability to select members of the Sangha Supreme Council instead of the monks. The alleged corruption within the Sangha from these investigations were cited as the reason for the change.[25]
International influences
editCambodia
edit
In 1855, King Norodom of Cambodia invited Preah Saukonn Pan, also referred to as Maha Pan, a Khmer bhikkhu educated in the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, to establish a branch of the Dhammayuttika order in Cambodia.[26][27] Maha Pan became the first Sangharaja of the Dhammayuttika lineage, residing at Wat Botum, a new temple erected by the king specifically for Dhammayuttika bhikkhus.[26] The Cambodian order benefited from royal patronage but was also sometimes regarded with suspicion due to its ties to the Thai monarchy.[26]
The Dhammayuttika order in Cambodia suffered greatly under the Khmer Rouge, being particularly targeted because of its perceived ties to monarchy and a foreign nation, in addition to the Khmer Rouge's general repression of the Buddhist hierarchy in Cambodia.[28] Between 1981 and 1991, the Dhammayuttika Nikaya was combined with the Cambodian Mohanikay in a unified sangha system established under Vietnamese domination.[29] In 1991, King Norodom Sihanouk returned from exile and appointed the first new Dhammayuttika Sangharaja in ten years, effectively ending the policy of official unification.[29] The Dhammayuttika continues to exist in Cambodia, though its bhikkhus constitute a very small minority. On issues such as the role of bhikkhu in HIV/AIDS treatment and education, the current Sangharaja, Bour Kry has adopted a more liberal position than the Mohanikay head Tep Vong, but is less radical than that of certain Engaged Buddhist elements of the Mohanikay order.[30]
Burma
editThe Mahayin Gaing (Burmese: ???????????????????????????; from Pali: ga?a "group, association") in Myanmar has its origins as "a late nineteenth-century Mon reform tradition [that] traces its lineage to the Thai Thammayut (sic) order."[31] It is one of 9 legally sanctioned monastic orders (nikaya) in Myanmar (Burma), under the 1990 Law Concerning Sangha Organizations.[32]
According to 2016 statistics published by the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee, 823 monks belonged to this monastic order, representing 0.15% of all monks in the country, making it the second smallest legally-sanctioned monastic order.[33] With respect to geographic representation, the majority of Mahayin monks are based in Mon State (76.91%), followed by neighboring Kayin State (13.61%).[33] In 2016, the order had 79 monasteries, mostly in Mon and Kayin States, representing 0.1% of the country's monasteries.[34]
Indonesia
editOn October 23, 1976, Sa?gha Theravāda Indonesia (Indonesian Theravāda Sa?gha) was formed at the Mahā Dhammaloka Vihāra (now Tanah Putih Vihāra), Semarang, Central Java. The Indonesian Theravāda Sa?gha was formed by monks who were not members of the Sangha that already existed in Indonesia at that time. The sangha organization was founded by five Indonesian monks who came from the ordination line of the Thai Dhammayuttika Nikāya order, Bhikkhu Aggabalo, Bhikkhu Khemasarano, Bhikkhu Sudhammo, Bhikkhu Khemiyo, and Bhikkhu ?a?avutto.[35] The historic event was also witnessed by two Thai Dhammadutas, namely Bhante Suvirayan (now Phra Dhamchetiyachan) and Bhante Sombat Pavitto (now Phra Vidhurdhammabhorn) who were ordained at Wat Bowonniwet, that is the center of the Dhammayuttika order.[36]
In addition, there is also the Sangha Theravāda Dhammayut Indonesia that shelters native Thai monks of the Dhammayuttika ordination line.[37]
Notes
edit- ^ Prior to the change in the law in December 2016, the supreme patriarch was chosen from whoever was the most senior member of the Sangha Supreme Council, who, at the time, was Somdet Chuang.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ The Dhammayut Order in the United States of America
- ^ Buddhism in Contemporary Thailand Archived 2025-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, Prof. Phra Thepsophon, Rector of Mahachulalongkorn Buddhist University. Speech at the International Conference on Buddhasasana in Theravada Buddhist countries: Issue and The Way Forward in Colombo, Sri Lanka, January 15, 2003, Buddhism in Thailand, Dhammathai – Buddhist Information Network
- ^ a b Buswell & Lopez 2013, p. 696.
- ^ Ratanakosin Period Archived 2025-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, Buddhism in Thailand, Dhammathai – Buddhist Information Network
- ^ Taylor 1993, p. 42.
- ^ a b Taylor 1993, p. 45.
- ^ Taylor 1993, p. 70.
- ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu. "The Traditions of the Noble Ones: An Essay on the Thai Forest Tradition and its Relationship with the Dhammayut Hierarchy" (PDF). Dhammatalks.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ a b c McCargo, Duncan (2025-08-06). "The Changing Politics of Thailand's Buddhist Order". Critical Asian Studies. 44 (4): 627–642. doi:10.1080/14672715.2012.738544. ISSN 1467-2715. S2CID 143745165.
- ^ "Men-at-alms". The Economist. 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
- ^ a b Handley, Paul M. (2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. pp. 152–154. ISBN 978-0-300-13059-1. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ "The politics of Thailand's Buddhist Supreme Patriarch". Channel News Asia. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ "Men-at-alms". The Economist. 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
- ^ Tanakasempipat, Patpicha; Kittisilpa, Juarawee; Thepgumpanat, Panarat (22 April 2016). Lefevre, Amy Sawitta (ed.). "Devotees at Thai temple give alms to tens of thousands of Buddhist monks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
- ^ Yimprasert, Sutchachai (27 February 2017). ?????????????????????? [The history of Dhammakaya]. Lok Wan Nee (in Thai). Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ "Sangha Act set to pass". The Nation. 29 December 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
- ^ "Somdet Phra Maha Muneewong appointed new supreme patriarch". The Nation. 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
- ^ "Sangha Act set to pass". The Nation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ "'??????????-???????????' ???????????? ????????????????? ??? '???????'" [Somdet Chuang and Luang Phi Pae are willing to forgive, after prosecutor issued non-prosecution order in lawsuit vintage car]. Prachatai. 14 June 2017. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019.
- ^ "'???????'????'???????????'??????????????????????" [DSI states that they will definitely not charge Chao Khun Pae [anymore] in the Mercedes lawsuit]. Daily News (in Thai). 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Alt URL Archived 2025-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? [Issuing non-prosecution order for Luang Phi Pae in lawsuit vintage car Somdet Chuang, no evidence of awareness of private company paying taxes incorrectly]. Thai PBS (in Thai). 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ Chetchotiros, Nattaya (14 Feb 2017). "90-year-old new Supreme Patriarch is much-loved figure". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 2 Oct 2018.
- ^ Fernquest, Jon (7 Feb 2017). "Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong new Supreme Patriarch". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 2 Oct 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Jim (8 June 2018). "What's behind the 'purging' of the Thai sangha?". New Mandala. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ "King to appoint, oversee new Sangha council". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ a b c Harris 2001, p. 83.
- ^ Keyes 1994.
- ^ Harris 2001, p. 84.
- ^ a b Harris 2001, p. 75.
- ^ Harris 2001, p. 87.
- ^ Buswell & Lopez 2013, p. 309.
- ^ Gutter, Peter (2001). "Law and Religion in Burma" (PDF). Legal Issues on Burma Journal (8). Burma Legal Council: 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-08-06.
- ^ a b "The Account of Wazo Samgha of All Sect, M.E 1377 (2016)". The State Samgha Maha Nayaka Committee. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ "The Account Monasteries of All-Sect in 1377 (2016)". The State Samgha Maha Nayaka Committee. 2016. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ Wowor, Cornelis. "Awal Sangha Theravada Indonesia". Samaggi Phala. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ Sangha Theravada Indonesia. "Sejarah STI". Sangha Theravada Indonesia. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ RI, Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Buddha-Kementerian Agama. "Ratusan Umat Buddha Ikuti Magha Puja Harmony dan Blessing di Tahun Naga Kayu | Ditjen Bimas Buddha Kemenag RI". Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Buddha - Kementerian Agama RI (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2025-08-06.
Bibliography
edit- Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald S. (2013), The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3, archived from the original on 2025-08-06, retrieved 2025-08-06
- Harris, Ian (August 2001), "Sangha Groupings in Cambodia", Buddhist Studies Review, 18 (I): 65–72, doi:10.1558/bsrv.v18i1.14469, S2CID 247890925
- Keyes, Charles F. (1994), "Communist Revolution and the Buddhist Past in Cambodia", Asian Visions of Authority: Religion and the Modern States of East and Southeast Asia, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 43–73
- Taylor, J. L. (1993), Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeastern Thailand, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-3016-49-1, archived from the original on 2025-08-06, retrieved 2025-08-06